Третий

3. Kazakhstan and the Central Asian states at the end of the 18th century

To understand this topic, we'll explore three main themes: Central Asia in the politics of the Russian Empire, the Khiva campaign of 1839 and its results, and the process of Kazakhstan's accession to the Russian Empire.

a) Central Asia in the politics of the Russian Empire:

During the 18th century, the Russian Empire expanded its influence in Central Asia, seeking to establish control over the region and secure its southern borders. The Kazakh Khanate and other Central Asian states were crucial players in this period, as they were situated at the crossroads of multiple trade routes.

The Russian Empire pursued a complex web of diplomatic, military, and economic strategies to achieve its goals in the region. Key events during this period include the creation of the Syrdarya border line, the acceptance of Russian citizenship by the Sultan of the Senior Zhuz Suyuk Abylaikhan-uly, and the diploma of Alexander I on the acceptance of the Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz into citizenship of Russia.

b) The Khiva campaign of 1839 and its results:

The Khiva campaign of 1839 marked a significant event in the politics of the Russian Empire and Central Asia. The campaign aimed to establish control over the Khanate of Khiva, which was seen as a key source of instability in the region.

The Russian Empire launched a military campaign against Khiva, which resulted in the capture of the Khanate's capital city. The campaign helped to establish Russian dominance in the region and secured the southern borders of the empire.

The campaign also led to the creation of the advanced Novokokand line under the command of Major General Chernyaev. This line further strengthened the Russian Empire's position in Central Asia and set the stage for future expansion.

c) Kazakhstan's accession to the Russian Empire:

The process of Kazakhstan's accession to the Russian Empire was a complex and multifaceted process that occurred over several decades. The colonization of the Trans-Ili Territory and the creation of the Alatava district marked the early stages of this process.

The Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz accepted Russian citizenship in the early 19th century, followed by the sultans of Semirechye in 1846. The military operations in Zhetysu and the Uzun-Agash battle were instrumental in securing the region for the Russian Empire.

The capture of Aulie-Ata, Merke, Turkestan, and Chimkent, as well as the entry of Zhetysu and South Kazakhstan into the Russian Empire, marked the final stages of Kazakhstan's accession to the Russian Empire. These events helped to establish Russian dominance in the region and set the stage for the complex history of Kazakhstan under the Russian Empire.

In conclusion, understanding Central Asia in the politics of the Russian Empire, the Khiva campaign of 1839 and its results, and Kazakhstan's accession to the Russian Empire provides valuable insights into the complex history of the region. These events and relationships have shaped the nation's development and set the stage for the complex history that followed.