Седьмой

The oral creativity of the Kazakhs is an important aspect of their cultural heritage. The study of Kazakhstan by European and Russian scientists, such as P.S. Pallas, I. Georgi, and N.P. Rychkov, helped to document and understand this rich cultural tradition. Folk akyns, or traditional Kazakh storytellers, played a significant role in the liberation struggle of the first half of the 19th century. Leaders such as Makhambet Utemisov and Tattimbet Kazangapuly were also notable for their creative contributions to the Kazakh culture.

Russian exiles, such as G.S. Karelin, M.M. Muravyov-Apostol, and F.M. Dostoevsky, also contributed to the culture of Kazakhstan. Russian scientists, including A.I. Levshin and V.I. Dal, studied the productive forces, life, and culture of Kazakhstan in the 19th century. European travelers also wrote about the Kazakh Steppe, providing valuable insights into the region's history and culture.

Sh. Ualikhanov, a Kazakh scholar and ethnographer, made significant contributions to the study of Kazakhstan's history, geography, economy, and culture. The educational activity of I. Altynsarin was also significant in shaping Kazakh culture and identity. Abai Kunanbaev, a renowned Kazakh poet and philosopher, played a critical role in the development of Kazakh literature and culture. His relationship with E.P. Michaelis, a German scholar who translated and published his works, is also notable.

Musical creativity is another essential aspect of Kazakh culture, with Kurmangazy Sagyrbaev, Dauletkerey Shygaev, Birzhan-sala Kozhagulov, Akhan-seri Koramsin, Zhayau-Musa Baizhanov, and others contributing significantly to Kazakh music.

Kazakh literature is also notable for its protest and religious-eschatological ideas and motives, as seen in the works of "Zar-zaman" poets Dulat, Shortanbay, Murat, and Abubakir Kerderi. Russian-Kazakh literary relations also played a role in the development of Kazakh literature.

Scientific societies, such as the departments and subdivisions of the Russian Geographical Society, played a significant role in documenting and studying the culture and history of Kazakhstan. The activities of statistical committees, the Society of History, Archeology, and Ethnography at Kazan University, and the Orenburg Scientific Archival Commission were also notable in this regard. The emergence of the first periodicals in the Kazakh language, such as the newspapers "Kazakh," "Vakyt," "Shuro," "Akmulla," and the magazine "Aikap," contributed to the formation of the national identity of the Kazakh people.

Mukhamedzhan Seralin, Spandiyar Kubeev, Sultanmakhmut Toraigyrov, A. Baitursynov, A. Bukeikhanov, and M. Dulatov were among the Kazakh intellectuals who played significant roles in the cultural and intellectual life of Kazakhstan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The all-Russian Muslim movement, Muslim charitable societies, and the Enlightenment and reformist direction in the culture of Kazakhstan were also important aspects of this period. Mashkhur-Zhusup Kopeev's work in the preservation of Kazakh folklore and genealogical traditions was also significant.