Двенадцатый

1. What was the foundation of the Soviet educational system and how did it affect the cultural foundations of society, including the Kazakh language?

The foundation of the Soviet educational system was based on Marxist-Leninist ideology and aimed to create a new generation of citizens who would support the Communist Party and the Soviet state. This involved the destruction of traditional cultural and religious practices, including those of the Kazakh people. The Soviet educational system also promoted the use of the Russian language and sought to weaken the positions of minority languages like Kazakh. This was reflected in the transition from the Arabic alphabet to the Latin alphabet and then to the Cyrillic alphabet, which further marginalized the use of the Kazakh language.

Socialist realism was the official artistic style of the Soviet Union, which sought to promote socialist values and portray the struggles and triumphs of the working class. In literature and art, socialist realism was enforced through censorship and the requirement that all creative work must serve the interests of the Communist Party and the Soviet state. Despite these restrictions, there were still many Kazakh writers and composers who produced significant works during the Soviet period.

The Kazakh branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was established in 1946 and played an important role in promoting scientific research and education in Kazakhstan.

1. What were the main directions of foreign and internal policy of the Soviet state on the eve of the Second World War, and what was the socio-political, socio-economic, and cultural situation in Kazakhstan?

On the eve of the Second World War, the Soviet Union was pursuing a policy of non-aggression and seeking to strengthen its military capabilities in order to deter potential aggressors. Domestically, the Soviet state was focused on industrialization and collectivization, which had significant social and economic consequences for Kazakhstan. The country experienced rapid industrialization, but at the cost of widespread poverty, food shortages, and political repression. The Soviet state also continued to promote socialist values and suppress traditional cultural and religious practices.

During the war, Kazakhstan played a key role in the Soviet Union's military efforts, serving as a site for the evacuation of people and industries from the western Soviet Union. Many Kazakhstanis also fought on the front lines and participated in the partisan movement. The home front workers in Kazakhstan showed great courage and resilience during the war.

1. What were the results and lessons of the Second World War, and how did science, culture, and public education fare during the war?

The Second World War had a profound impact on the Soviet Union and Kazakhstan. The war resulted in the deaths of millions of people and the destruction of much of the country's infrastructure. However, the Soviet Union emerged from the war as a major world power and was recognized for its important contributions to the Allied victory.

During the war, science, culture, and public education were greatly impacted by the conflict, but continued to play an important role in the Soviet Union's war effort. Many scientific and technological advances were made, including the development of new military technology and medical treatments. Culture and the arts were also important in boosting morale and promoting national unity. Public education remained a top priority during the war, with the government investing heavily in schools and educational programs.