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The policy of "perestroika" in Kazakhstan, as well as throughout the Soviet Union, aimed to address the stagnation and inefficiencies of the Soviet economy and political system. The reforms introduced by M.S. Gorbachev included significant changes to the economic and political structure of the Soviet Union, such as allowing private ownership, encouraging foreign investment, and introducing democratic reforms. However, these changes also contributed to growing national conflicts in the Union republics, with calls for greater autonomy and independence.

Kazakhstan, like other Soviet republics, faced significant economic challenges during this time, including inflation, shortages of basic goods, and high unemployment rates. The impact of "perestroika" and "glasnost" exacerbated these problems, with the introduction of market reforms and greater transparency leading to further economic disruptions and uncertainty.

The return of individual state-owned enterprises to the national republics under the system of union administration also created significant challenges for Kazakhstan. While this policy aimed to decentralize economic decision-making and promote local autonomy, it also contributed to disruptions and inefficiencies in production.

The participation of Kazakh troops in the Afghan war from 1979-1989 was a significant event that had far-reaching consequences for the country. The war, which aimed to support the Soviet-backed government in Afghanistan, led to a significant loss of life among Kazakh soldiers and contributed to growing disillusionment with the Soviet system.

The December events of 1986 in Alma-Ata and other cities of the republic marked a turning point in Kazakhstan's history, with significant protests and demonstrations calling for greater democracy and reforms. The protests reflected a growing desire for greater political and economic autonomy and contributed to the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union.

The adoption of the "Law on Language" was a significant step towards promoting greater use of the Kazakh language in official settings, reflecting a growing desire for greater national autonomy and identity. The law aimed to address previous policies that had discriminated against the Kazakh language in favor of Russian, and it marked a significant shift towards greater linguistic diversity and inclusion.

The Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Kazakh SSR was another crucial step towards greater autonomy and independence, reflecting a growing desire for greater self-determination and a shift away from Soviet centralization. The declaration laid the groundwork for Kazakhstan's eventual independence and the establishment of a new political and economic system in the region.

The August coup of 1991 marked the beginning of the end for the Soviet Union, with the termination of the activities of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the eventual collapse of the USSR. Kazakhstan, like other former Soviet republics, played a significant role in the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the establishment of new political and economic systems in the region. The collapse of the Soviet Union had far-reaching consequences for Kazakhstan, including the need to establish new economic and political systems and address ongoing social and political challenges.