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1. Kazakhstan in the era of modern times: new methodological trends in the study

To understand this topic, we'll explore three main themes: the international relations of Kazakhstan during the period, the rise of the Dzungar Khanate, and the liberation struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungarian conquerors.

a) Kazakhstan's international relations with the Russian Empire, Central Asian khanates, Bashkiria, and the Kalmyk Khanate:

During the era of modern times, Kazakhstan was situated at a geopolitical crossroads, making it an important player in the region. The Kazakh Khanate had a complex web of international relations with neighboring powers, such as the Russian Empire, Central Asian khanates (Bukhara, Khiva, and Kokand), Bashkiria, and the Kalmyk Khanate.

The Russian Empire sought to expand its territories and influence in Central Asia. As a result, they established diplomatic and trade relations with the Kazakh Khanate, which helped to facilitate the exchange of goods, knowledge, and cultural practices. The relations between the Kazakh Khanate and the Central Asian khanates were primarily driven by trade and diplomacy, as they sought to maintain a balance of power in the region.

Kazakhstan's relations with Bashkiria and the Kalmyk Khanate were often characterized by mutual respect and cooperation, despite occasional conflicts. These relations were crucial in maintaining stability and security in the region.

b) The rise of the Dzungar Khanate and its strategy for conquest:

The Dzungar Khanate emerged as a significant power in the region during the 17th and 18th centuries, led by the Oirat confederation of Mongol tribes. The Dzungars were known for their aggressive expansionist policies and military prowess. They aimed to establish control over the entire Central Asian region, which brought them into conflict with the Kazakh Khanate and other neighboring powers.

The Dzungar strategy for conquest involved a combination of military force, diplomacy, and alliances. They used their formidable army to launch campaigns against their adversaries, often striking swiftly and decisively to overwhelm their opponents. The Dzungars also formed alliances with other regional powers to further their goals and establish a dominant presence in Central Asia.

c) The liberation struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungarian conquerors:

The Kazakh people faced multiple invasions from the Dzungars, leading to significant losses and hardship. Key events during this period include the Aktaban Shubyryndy, Alkakol Sulama, and the congresses in Orda Basy. These events marked a turning point in the struggle against the Dzungar invasions, as the Kazakh people sought to unite and defend their homeland.

Khan Abulkhair, elected as the head of the Kazakh militia, played a crucial role in organizing the defense against the Dzungars. The victory at the Battle of Bulanty and the subsequent Anrakai battle showcased the resilience and determination of the Kazakh people in their fight for freedom.

The role of Kazakh batyrs, such as Ablai Khan, Bogenbai Batyr, and Kabanbai Batyr, was instrumental in the liberation struggle. They displayed exceptional military skills, leadership, and courage, inspiring their fellow Kazakhs to resist Dzungarian domination. A comparative analysis of the military art of the Kazakhs and the Dzungars highlights the unique tactics and strategies employed by both sides during this period.

In conclusion, understanding Kazakhstan's international relations, the rise of the Dzungar Khanate, and the Kazakh people's liberation struggle provides valuable insights into the era of modern times in Kazakhstan's history. These events and relationships have shaped the nation's development