Одиннадцатый

1. What was the Soviet model of state building and how was it implemented in Kazakhstan?

The Soviet model of state building was based on Marxist-Leninist ideology and emphasized the centralization of political power, state ownership of the means of production, and the establishment of a planned economy. In Kazakhstan, the Soviet model was implemented through the establishment of a single-party Communist state, the collectivization of agriculture, and the industrialization of the economy.

2. What was the idea of "Small October" proposed by F.I. Goloshchekina and what were its consequences?

The idea of "Small October" proposed by F.I. Goloshchekina was a set of reforms aimed at strengthening the power and influence of the Communist Party in public life in Kazakhstan. The reforms included the establishment of Soviet power at the regional and local levels, the suppression of opposition parties and groups, and the promotion of socialist values. The consequences of "Small October" included increased political repression, the suppression of national cultural and religious traditions, and the forced assimilation of ethnic minorities.

3. What decisions did the Kazakh regional party committee make regarding the land issue and how did they affect the intelligentsia?

The Kazakh regional party committee made a series of decisions regarding land use in Kazakhstan, including the forced collectivization of agriculture and the division of pasture lands and hayfields. These decisions led to the displacement of many nomadic and semi-nomadic Kazakh households and the confiscation of Baik farms, which were a traditional form of Kazakh land ownership. The intelligentsia, who were seen as a potential source of opposition to the Soviet regime, were targeted for political repression and many were arrested or executed.

4. What were the positions of Kazakh public figures on the issue of industrialization and what were the features of industrialization in Kazakhstan?

Kazakh public figures had a range of positions on the issue of industrialization, with some supporting the rapid industrialization of Kazakhstan and others advocating for a more gradual approach that took into account the needs and interests of the local population. The features of industrialization in Kazakhstan included the establishment of heavy industry in urban areas, the expansion of transportation infrastructure, and the development of energy and mineral resources.

5. What was the policy of Sovietization of the Kazakh aul and what were its consequences?

The policy of Sovietization of the Kazakh aul was a campaign to transform traditional Kazakh village communities into Soviet-style collective farms. This involved the imposition of centralized planning and control over agricultural production, the suppression of traditional cultural and religious practices, and the forced resettlement of nomadic and semi-nomadic Kazakh households into permanent settlements. The consequences of this policy included the disruption of traditional social and economic relationships, the loss of cultural identity and heritage, and widespread poverty and deprivation.

6. What was the forced transition of Kazakh households to settled life and what were the methods and rates of collectivization?

The forced transition of Kazakh households to settled life was a policy aimed at replacing traditional nomadic and semi-nomadic forms of agriculture with more modern, mechanized methods of farming. This involved the forced resettlement of Kazakh households into permanent settlements, the establishment of collective farms, and the confiscation of private land and livestock. The methods and rates of collectivization varied, but in general, the process was characterized by violence, coercion, and the use of terror tactics to enforce compliance.

7. What were the consequences of hunger and the plight of agriculture in Kazakhstan in the second half of the 1930s?

The consequences of hunger in Kazakhstan in the second half ofthe 1930s were devastating. The forced collectivization of agriculture and the disruption of traditional land use practices led to a sharp decline in food production and widespread famine. Millions of people in Kazakhstan died of hunger and disease, and the country's agricultural infrastructure was severely damaged. The plight of agriculture in Kazakhstan continued throughout the 1930s and into the 1940s, with the Soviet government focusing on industrialization rather than agricultural development.

8. What were the consequences of the class-party principle in social and political life, culture, education, and science?

The class-party principle was a central tenet of Marxist-Leninist ideology that emphasized the primacy of the Communist Party in all aspects of social and political life. The consequences of this principle in Kazakhstan were profound, with the Soviet government using the party as a means of controlling and suppressing dissent, promoting socialist values, and enforcing conformity to Soviet norms. This led to the suppression of national cultural and religious traditions, the marginalization of non-Russian ethnic groups, and the subordination of education and science to the needs of the Soviet state.

9. What was the political position of supporters of national interests such as S. Sadvakasov, S. Kozhanov, and Zh. Mynbaeva?

Supporters of national interests such as S. Sadvakasov, S. Kozhanov, and Zh. Mynbaeva were advocates for the rights and interests of the Kazakh people in the face of Soviet repression and assimilation policies. They sought to preserve and promote Kazakh culture and language, resist forced resettlement and collectivization, and promote economic and political autonomy for Kazakhstan within the Soviet Union. However, their efforts were largely unsuccessful in the face of Soviet state power.

10. What was the political activity of M. Shokay in exile?

M. Shokay was a prominent Kazakh intellectual and political figure who was exiled to Siberia in the 1920s for his opposition to Soviet policies in Kazakhstan. While in exile, he continued to advocate for the rights and interests of the Kazakh people, writing articles and books that criticized Soviet policies and promoted Kazakh culture and history. Shokay's work was influential in shaping the Kazakh national identity and provided a foundation for the Kazakh nationalist movement that emerged in the late Soviet period.